Antioxidant Potential of a Toxic Plant Calotropis procera R . Br .

Background: Calotropis procera R.Br. (Family, Apocynaceae) is a toxic herb which was known to have great importance in the Ayurveda. The plant is anthelmintic; relieves strangury; cures ulcers; the ashes act as an expectorant. The plant was also known to be used in the treatment of jaundice from ancient times. Studies have shown that it has cardio-protective property in Myocardial Infarction. The present study was focused on evaluating the anti-oxidant activity of the leaves by in vitro models. Methods: The anti-oxidant activity in different extracts and fractions of the leaves viz. total alcoholic and water extracts; petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions were evaluated for antioxidant properties using various in vitro models like free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, reduction of ferric ions and lipid peroxidation assay; and total antioxidant capacity was established. Results: Antioxidant potency was found to be highest in butanol fraction, water fraction and aqueous alcoholic extract. Conclusions: The antioxidant property of different extracts and fractions of the leaves were studied in vitro and results have shown that they are potent antioxidant in nature.


INTRODUCTION
Free radicals have been claimed to play an important role in affecting human health by causing several chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, aging, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and other degenerative diseases.These free radicals are generated during body metabolism. 1 They induce damage to biomembranes, proteins and DNA.Lipid peroxidation, which involves a series of free radical mediated chain reaction processes, is also associated with several types of biological damage.Therefore, much attention has been focused on the use of antioxidants, especially natural antioxidants to inhibit ROS production and protect from damage due to ROS. 2 Exogenous intake of antioxidants can help the body scavenge free radicals effectively. 1 The medicinal properties of plants have been investigated, in the light of recent scientific developments, throughout the world due to their potent pharmacological activities and economic viability.Antioxidant compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antiatherosclerotic, antitumor, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-bacterial or antiviral activities to a greater or lesser extent.Antioxidant compounds are found to be useful in treatment of diabetes so the attention has been focused to natural products, especially to phenols, because of antioxidant activity of phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids. 2 Nowadays, there is a noticeable interest in antioxidants, especially in those which can prevent the presumed deleterious effects of free radicals in the human body, and to prevent the deterioration of fats and other constituents of foodstuffs. 1 CalotropisproceraR.Br.(Family, Apocynaceae) is a moderate evergreen herb found more or less throughout India in warm dry places, Afghanistan, Iran, Arabia, Egypt and throughout African continent. 3It is an erect shrub usually 1.8-2.4m high (sometimes growing much.higher in arid places); young parts clothed with white cottony tomentum; bark soft, spongy.Leaves subsessile, usually 5.7-15 × 4.5-8.2cm.(exceptionally 23 by 15 cm.), broadly ovate, ovate oblong, elliptic or obovate, with a short abrupt acumination.Flowers in umbellate cymes purple in colour. 4he plant secretes poisonous milky latex.Even though it is toxic, the use of the plant in various diseases has been known to be widespread since ancient times.It was found to be laxative, anthelmintic; used in conditions viz.strangury; ulcers; the ash in cough.The leaves are applied hot to the abdomen to cure pain.The flower was used as tonic, appetizer, stomachic and in treatment of piles and asthma (Ayurveda).In the, Gold Coast, the leaves are used to cure swollen legs and also wounds caused by rusty nails.The leaves are said to cure catarrh, being warmed first and then the juice is dropped into the nose.This causes the patient to sneeze, which relieves the accumulation of mucous material.The fresh root is used as a toothbrush, and is considered by Pathans to cure toothache.][5] As no reports have been established on its antioxidant potency in detail, the study has been focused on determining its total antioxidant capacity and further establishing its monograph.Different extracts and fractions of the plant leaves were prepared and the phytochemical investigation was carried out and further in vitro modals were employed in evaluating its antioxidant potency.

Preparation of extracts and fractions
The powdered leaves of C.procera were extracted with 70% aqueous alcohol by cold maceration for 72 h.The extract was separated from marc by filtration using muslin cloth.The drug was extracted 3 times with a gap of 3 days each.The filtrates were pooled and concentrated to syrupy liquid under reduced pressure using Super fit Rotary vacuum evaporator at 60°C and preserved in well closed container at 4-8°C until use.Syrupy liquid was cooled and added with one liter of distilled water and subjected to fractionation using Petroleum ether (CPPE), ethyl acetate (CPPEA) and butanol (CPB).The fractions were dried in dessicator in vacuo.The extract was used directly for assessment of antioxidant capacity through various chemical assays.

Preliminary phytochemical screening
Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out for different extracts and fractions of the plant to know the nature of constituents.Standard Procedures were adopted for the preliminary phytochemical screening.Test for Sterol, [17][18][19] Test for Tri-terpenes, 18,19 Test for Saponins, 18,19 Tests For Alkaloids, 19,20 Tests For Carbohydrates, [18][19][20][21] Test For Tannins, 18,19 Tests For Flavonoids, 22 and Tests for lactones 18,23 were carried out and the results are given in Table 1.

In vitro Free Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Screening
Free radical scavenging activity by DPPH Method Free radical scavenging potentials of the extracts and fractions were tested against a methanolic solution of DPPH.Antioxidants react with DPPH and convert it toa,a-diphenyl-b-picryl hydrazine.The degree of discoloration indicates the scavenging potentials of the antioxidant extract.The change in the absorbance produced at 517 nm has been used as a measure of antioxidant activity. 6eparation of sample solutions of extracts/fractions Sample stock solutions (2 mg/ml) of CPPE, CPEA and CPB fractions of C.procera leaves were prepared.CPWF and CPWE were first dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water, added with 20 ml of ethanol, filtered and the filtrate was used for the experiment.All were diluted to final concentrations 50-1000 μg/mL in ethanol.5 to 50 µg of ascorbic acid and 10 to 80 µg of BHT were taken as standards.5ml of methanolic solution of DPPH was added to all dilutions, shaken well and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 min.The control was prepared as above without extract.The readings were read at 517 nm using methanol as blank.Scavenging activity was expressed as the inhibition percentage calculated using the following formula, % Anti radical activity [(C-S)/C] X 100 Where C is control absorbance, S is the sample absorbance.Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and results are given in the Table 2. Nitric Oxide (NO .) scavenging activity Nitric oxide reacts with O 2 to produce stable products, nitrates and nitrite through intermediates NO 2 , N 2 O 4 and N 3 O 4 .It is estimated by using the Griess reagent.In the presence of test compound (scavenger), the amount of nitrous acid will decrease.The extent of decrease will reflect the extent of scavenging, which is measured at 546 nm. 7reparation of sample solutions of extracts/fractions Different extracts/fractions were prepared in the same manner as that in case of DPPH activity.Ascorbic acid was used as standard from 25 to 125 µg.Volume was adjusted to 500 µl with alcohol and 500 µl of SNP in PBS was added and incubated at 25 0 C for 180 min. 1 ml of Griess reagent was added.The absorbance was immediately measured at 546 nm.The Nitric Oxide scavenging activity was calculated from the formula.
% Nitric oxide scavenging activity = [(C-S)/C] X 100 Where C is control absorbance, S is the sample absorbance.Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and results of various extracts/fractions and standard are listed in the Table 4. Reduction of ferric ions Fe 2+ reacts rapidly with 1,10-O-phenanthroline and forms a stable red colored complex.Extracts reacts with Fe 3+ to reduce and convert it to Fe 2+ .The degree of coloration indicates the reduction potential of the extracts.The change in the absorbance produced at 510 nm has been used as a measure of Ferric ions reducing activity.[10] Preparation of sample solutions of extracts/fractions The reaction mixture containing o-phenanthroline (0.5mg), ferric chloride (0.2 mM) and test compound (extracts/fractions of different concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80, 120 μg/mL) in a final volume of 5 ml was incubated for 15-20 min at ambient temperature.The absorbance at 510 nm was measured.In another set, sodium dithionite (0.3 mM) was added instead of the extract and the absorbance was taken as equivalent to 100% reduction of all the Fe 3+ present.BHT, Ascorbic acid and Silymarin were used as standards.Table 6 depicts the Fe 3+ reduction capacity of each extract/fraction.

Total antioxidant capacity
The assay is based on the reduction of Mo (VI) to Mo (V) by the sample analyte and the subsequent formation of a green phosphate/Mo (V) complex at acidic pH.The green color is measured at 695 nm.The antioxidant activity is expressed as the number of equivalents of ascorbic acid. 7,11

Preparation of sample solutions of extracts/fractions
Different extracts/fractions (2 mg/ml) in ethanol and standard ascorbic acid (1 mg/ml) in distilled water were prepared.An aliquot of 0.1 ml of sample solution was combined in an Eppendorff tube with 1.9 ml of reagent solution (0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium phosphate, and 4 mM ammonium molybdate) and a blank containing only 1.9 ml of reagent was incubated in a thermal block at 95°C for 90 min.The samples were cooled to room temperature; the absorbance was measured at 695 nm against blank.The antioxidant capacities are expressed as equivalents of ascorbic acid.The experiment was conducted in triplicate and values are expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents in mg per gram of extract (mean ± SD) in Table 8.

Antioxidant assay using b CLAMS
Linoleic acid which is an unsaturated fatty acid gets oxidized by ROS produced by oxygenated water.The products formed will initiate the b-Carotene oxidation, which leads to discoloration.]    Composition of emulsion 5 mg b-carotene, 40 mg linoleic acid and 400 mg Tween-40 were mixed in 1 ml of chloroform and chloroform was removed under vacuum using the rotavapour at not more than 45 0 C.This emulsion was mixed with 20 ml water & 80 ml of oxygenated water.

Preparation of sample solutions of extracts/fractions
2 mg/ml solution of different extracts/fractions and BHT standard in ethanol was used for experiments.50-300µl of all extracts/fractions were added to separate tubes and volume was made up to 0.3 ml with ethanol.0.7 ml of distilled water and 3 ml of b-Carotene linoleic acid emulsion was added to each tube.Absorbance was taken at 470 nm at Zero time and tubes were placed at 50 0 C in water bath.Measurement of absorbance was continued at an interval of 15 min, till the color of b-Carotene disappeared in the control reaction (t = 180 min).A blank without b-Carotene emulsion and a control without extract was used.Each experiment was carried out in triplicate.The antioxidant activity (%AA) of extracts was evaluated in terms of bleaching of b-Carotene using the following formula.The results are shown in Table 9.
Where, % AA = Antioxidant activity, A O = Zero time absorbance of sample, A t = Absorbance of sample after incubation for 180 min, A 0 0 = Zero time absorbance of control, A t 0 = Absorbance of control after incubation for 180 min.The results were expressed as % antioxidant activity±SD.

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
Hydroxyl radical scavenging was measured by studying the competition between deoxy-d-ribose and sample extracts for hydroxyl radicals produced by Phenyl hydrazine. 12,14The extent of deoxy-d-ribose degradation was measured by TBARS method of Ohkawa et al. 15

Preparation of sample solutions of extracts and fractions
All the extracts/fractions of different concentrations 10 to 80 µg (1 mg/ ml) and Gallic acid, standard in the concentration range of 0.5 to 4 µg were freshly prepared in distilled water by sonication and clear filtrate was used.Each reaction mixture containing the sample or standard dilution with 2.8 mM deoxy-d-ribose and phenyl hydrazine 0.2 mM was incubated for 2 h at 37 0 C in BOD incubator.To each test tube was added 1 ml of 2.8% TCA containing 1% TBA and heated in boiling water bath for 20 min.and cooled.The absorbance was read at 532 nm.Percentage hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was calculated by the formula.
% Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity= [(C-S)/C] X 100 Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and the results are given in Table 10.

Lipid peroxidation assay
In this assay, peroxidation of egg phospatidylcholine liposomes is induced by FeCl 3 and ascorbic acid as reducing agents. .OH radicals generated by mixing Fe 3+ and ascorbate attack the egg phospatidylcholine liposomes.This leads to the formation of (Malondialdehyde) MDA and other aldehydes, which form a pink chromagen with TBA absorbing at 532 nm. 16eparation of sample solutions of extracts and fractions 1 mg/ml stock solution of extract/fraction was prepared in distilled water by sonication for 7 mins and filtered.Clear filtrate is used for the following experiment.Egg phospatidylcholine (20 mg) in chloroform (2 ml) was dried under vacuum in a rotary evaporator to give a thin homogenous film, and further dispersed in normal saline (5 ml) with a vortex mixer.The mixture was sonicated to get a homogeneous suspension of liposomes.Lipid peroxidation was initiated by adding 0.05 mM ascorbic acid to a mixture containing liposome (0.1 ml), 150 mM potassium chloride, 0.2 mM ferric chloride, extract/fraction (20 to 100 mg/ml) in a total volume of 0.5 ml.Gallic acid and Silymarin (1 to 8 mg/ml).The reaction mixture was incubated for 40 mins at 37°C.After incubation, the reaction was terminated by adding 1 ml of ice cold 0.25 M sodium hydroxide containing 20% w/v TCA, 0.4% w/v of TBA and 0.05% w/v BHT.After heating at 80°C for 20 min, the samples were cooled.The pink chromogen was extracted with 2 ml of butan-1-ol, and the absorbance of the upper organic layer was measured at 532 nm.% Anti lipid peroxidation activity was calculated by the formula,

% Anti lipid peroxidation activity = [(C-S)/C] X 100
Where C is the absorbance of the control and S is the absorbance of the sample.Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and results were expressed as % Antioxidant activity±SD Each experiment was carried out in triplicate and the results are given in Table 11.

Free radical scavenging activity
As shown in Table 2, among the different fractions and extracts of C. procera, butanol fraction showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 of 96.64±1.22µg/ml followed by ethyl acetate fraction (IC 50 159.09±4.54µg/ml).CPALC, CPPE, CPWF and CPWE were not able to show 50% free radical scavenging activity even at highest concentration tested (181.82µg/ml).The activity ranging from weak to strong occurred in the order: CPWE < CPWF < CPPE < CPALC < CPEA < CPB.

NO . scavenging activity
As shown in Table 4, butanol fraction of C. procera was found highly active in scavenging NO .compared to other fractions and extracts.CPALC, CPPE, CPWF and CPWE failed to show 50% NO .scavenging activity even at 1000 µg/ml concentration.IC 50 value of CPB and CPEA were found to be 500.15±20.02µg/ml and 805.24±94.02µg/ml respectively.CPB had shown the highest NO .Scavenging activity followed by CPEA.NO .scavenging activity from weak to strong in the order: CPWE< CPWF< CPPE< CPALC< CPEA< CPB.

Reduction of Ferric ions
As illustrated in Table 6, in case of CPB fraction showed highest ferric ion reduction activity followed by CPEA.Their IC 50 values being 60 and 115 µg/ml respectively.Other extracts and fractions were not able to show 50% reduction of ferric ions as compared to Sodium dithionite even at maximum tested concentration of 120 µg/ml.Ferric ion reduction activity was increased in the order: CPWE< CPWF< CPPE< CPALC<CPEA< CPB.

PR
-Projected IC 50 value.IC 50 value not detected at the highest concentration tested.So it was determined by extrapolating the graph.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean ± SD, n = 3.

Total antioxidant capacity
The value obtained here is indicated as ascorbic acid equivalent value in mg/gm of extract.The results are shown in the Table 8.The highest total antioxidant capacity was found in butanol fraction (344.44±20.97mg/gm) and water extract showed least (113.89±12.73mg/gm) total antioxidant capacity.The total antioxidant capacity of different fractions/ extracts of C. procera from lowest to highest was present in the order CPWE< CPWF< CPEA < CPPE < CPALC < CPB.

β-CLAMS method
As given in Table 8, water fraction and aqueous alcoholic extract of C. procera exhibited high antioxidant activity compared to other fractions.
The antioxidant activity ranging from weak to strong occurred in the order: CPPE <CPEA< CPB< CPWE< CPALC< CPWF.IC 50 values of CPWF and CPALC were found to be 45.87 and 65.89 µg/ml respectively.

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
As shown in Table 9, water fraction of C. procera has shown strong hydroxyl radical scavenging property followed by butanol fraction compared to other fractions and extracts.IC 50 values of CPWF and CPB fraction were found to be 39.56 and 50.7 µg/ml respectively.The hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity ranging from weak to strong occurred in the order: CPWE< CPEA< CPPE< CPALC< CPB< CPWF.

Lipid peroxidation activity
As shown in Table 9, butanol fraction of C. procera is much ahead of all other fractions in inhibiting lipid peroxidation.CPB IC 50 value was found to be 47.19 µg/ml.Anti-lipid peroxidation activity ranging from weak to strong found in the order: CPWE< CPPE< CPALC< CPWF< CPEA< CPB.

Free Radical Scavenging Activity
In very recent years, potent free radical scavengers have attracted a tremendous interest as possible therapeutics against free radical mediated diseases.Free radicals are constantly generated in vivo.When an imbalance between free radical generation and body defense mechanisms occurs, oxidative damage will spread over all the cell targets (DNA, lipids, and proteins) and has been reported that a series of human illness can be linked to this damaging action free radicals.Many phenolics, such as flavonoids and tannins have been found to possess potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. 17,18CP found to contain flavonoids as tested in the preliminary phytochemical screening.Besides flavonoids, CP also found to contain glycosides and sterols.Total phenolic content of C. procera, from low to high concentration was found in the order: CPWF< CPPE< CPWE< CPALC< CPB< CPEA.But DPPH radical scavenging activity was not similar to the above order.The DPPH radical scavenging activity ranging from weak to strong occurred in the order: CPWE< CPWF< CPPE< CPALC< CPEA< CPB.TPC of CPB (GAE 96.83±2.13)and CPEA (GAE 97.97±1.40)were very close.But DPPH radical scavenging activity of CPEA (IC 50 159.09µg/ml) and CPB (IC 50 of 96.64 µg/ml) differ to a large extent.Other fractions not shown IC 50 values even at highest concentration used.CPWE and CPWF showed less percentage free radical scavenging activity compared to other extracts though these fractions tested positive for flavonoids.TPC of these fractions and extracts was found to be low.Very few, less potent phenolics might be extracted into water fractions and water extracts.

NO Scavenging Activity
Ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed highest NO .scavenging activity.This is because of high phenolic content of ethyl acetate and butanol fractions.

Ferric ion Reduction Activity
Butanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed more potent Ferric ion reducing activity compared to the other fractions and extracts.Again this is due to presence of potent phenolics in these fractions.The reducing properties are generally associated with the presence of reductones, which have been shown to exert antioxidant activity by breaking the free radical chain by donating a hydrogen atom. 19tal antioxidant activity was carried out to understand the antioxidant capacity of the extracts and fractions in the current study.Because this method gives reliable results with variety of samples (plant lipid-soluble extracts, vegetable oils, butter, pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, human serum, etc.).On the other hand, it gives the total antioxidant capacity of a sample irrespective of nature and mechanism of actions of drugs. 11he total antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions can be well understood by their chemical nature.Butanol fraction of C. procera; showed strong total antioxidant capacity which can be comparable to that of well known standards like Silymarin 21 and BHT. 20utanol fraction tested positive for flavonoids and found to contain high TPC.Many phenolics, such as flavonoids and tannins reported with strong antioxidant capacity and their capacity to donate rapidly a hydrogen atom to radicals. 17,18So the activity of extracts and fractions can be attributed to the presence of polyphenols.β-Clams method The mechanism of bleaching β-Carotene is a free radical mediated phenomenon resulting from hydroperoxides formed from linoleic acid.β-Carotene in this system undergoes rapid discoloration in the absence of an antioxidant.In presence of antioxidants, β-Carotene retains its color.This forms basis of this particular assay. 13queous alcoholic extract of C. procera showed a very strong antioxidant activity compared to standards.In this activity it is an exception that pet ether fraction also showed strong activity.The reasons could be, the antioxidant capacity of a compound is dependent upon reaction media.Pet ether fractions contain lipophilic components.These tend to show good activity in the system which is rich with lipophilic substances like β carotene and linoleic acid.Constituents present in the fractions which showed remarkable activity in other free radical scavenging mechanisms may not be highly reactive in lipophilic media.The selected plant fractions/extracts can be used as natural antioxidants instead of BHT which is synthetic and use of BHT is said to be unsafe and their toxicity is a problem of concern. 22

Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
The hydroxyl radical is an extremely reactive free radical formed in biological systems and has been implicated as a highly damaging species in free radical pathology, capable of damaging almost every molecule found in living cell. 23ater fraction of C. procera; scavenged .OH radicals strongly. .OH radical scavenging activity of Gallic acid was very high and IC 50 was found to be 3.25 µg/ml.It is found that flavonoids and tannins are potent .OH radical scavenging agents.But in case of C. procera water fraction showed marked hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.Reason may be, the fractions contain high amount of carbohydrates as explained above which are having similar action as that of mannitol which is strong hydroxyl radical scavenger. 24ipid peroxidation activity The lipid peroxidation has been broadly defined as the oxidation deterioration of polyunsaturated lipids.MDA is the major product of lipid peroxidation and is used to study the lipid peroxidation process. 25In biological systems, malondialdehye (MDA) is very reactive species and takes part in the cross linking of DNA, with protein and also damaging the liver cells.Determination of lipid peroxidase content was carried out indirectly by means of derivatizing MDA with TBA at high temperature and acidic condition. 26Butanol fraction of C. procerashowed antilipid peroxidation activity when compared to other fractions.This is again attributed to high TPC of CPB.
H 2 O 2 scavenging activity H 2 O 2 in phosphate buffer has the λ max of 230 nm.In control tubes the absorbance will be only due H 2 O 2 .In presence of extracts the reduction of absorbance at 230 nm indicates scavenging or breakdown of H 2 O 2 .When breakdown of H 2 O 2 occurs, there will be reduction of absorbance at 230 nm.The maximum concentration tested in case of all the fractions and extracts was 20 µg/ml.If more concentration is taken, absorbance at 230 nm goes beyond 1.To keep absorbance below 1 the low concentration was used.No fraction could show 50% activity at the above mentioned concentration.Hydrogen peroxide is a weak oxidizing agent and can inactivate a few enzymes directly, usually by oxidation of essential thiol (-SH) groups.Hydrogen peroxide can cross cell membranes rapidly.Once enter inside the cell, H 2 O 2 can probably react with Fe 2+ , and possibly Cu 2+ ions to form hydroxyl radical and this may be the origin of many of its toxic effects.It is therefore biologically advantageous for cells to control the amount of hydrogen peroxide that is allowed to accumulate. 20

CONCLUSION
Present work was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant potency of leaves of C. procera R.Br.The antioxidant property of different extracts and fractions of the leaves were studied in vitro and results have shown that they are moderate antioxidant in nature.The antioxidant potency reveal that the leaves of C. procera R.Br. are worth for further chemical isolation and pharmacological investigations.Two important aspects to note in this study are, CP, its latex and all its parts are toxic in nature in one or the other way though the plant parts are used in Ayurveda and in folk medicine.In traditional and folk medicine the leaves are used in fresh.But we have used the dried leaves.There is a pressing need to study the differences in phytochmeical nature and pharmacological efficacy of CP plant parts and when used fresh and dried.
Leaves of C. procera R.Br. were collected during December 2007 in Mysore city outskirts.The plant was identified and authenticated by Dr. M.N.Naganandini, Asst.Professor, Dept. of Pharmacognosy& Phytochemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore.Herbarium specimen of C. procera, bearing voucher number KMCP01 was deposited in the Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore, India.
Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Vol 7, Issue 2, Jul-Dec, 2017Collection and identification of plant material

Table 2 : DPPH Free radical scavenging activity of different extracts and fractions of C. procera IC 50 in
PRResults given are mean percentage DPPH Radical scavenging activity.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD, n=3Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Vol 7, Issue 2, Jul-Dec, 2017

Table 3 : DPPH Free radical scavenging activity of BHT and Ascorbic acid Conc. in
Results given are mean percentage DPPH Radical scavenging activity.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD, n=3

Table 5 : NO.Free radical Scavenging activity of Ascorbic acid
50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD, n=3

Table 6 : Ferric ion reduction activity of different extracts and fractions of C. procera
PRResults given are mean percentage Ferric ion reduction activity.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD, n=3

Table 8 : Total antioxidant capacity of different fractions of C. procera
Results given are mean percentage ascorbic acid equivalent value in mg/gm of extract Free Radicals and Antioxidants, Vol 7, Issue 2, Jul-Dec, 2017

Table 9 : Antioxidant activity of different extracts/fractions of C.procera in β-CLAMS method
Projected IC 50 value.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD.Results given are mean percentage anti-lipid peroxidation activity

Table 10 : Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of different extracts/fractions of C.procera
PR-Projected IC 50 value.IC 50 values given are in µg/ml mean±SD.Results given are mean percentage hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.